Office of Defender Services
TRAINING BRANCH




As a practical matter, the overwhelming majority of federal criminal cases end in conviction and sentencing. Effective representation in these cases includes effective sentencing advocacy, for the sentencing context is one in which practitioners may be able to most profoundly affect the outcome of a case, and ameliorate the harsh consequences a federal conviction brings to the life of a client. An essential component of effective sentencing advocacy is the development and presentation of mitigation evidence.


Below are links to websites through which practitioners can access mitigation-related statistics, research, data and other information that can assist in developing mitigation evidence in a particular case.


INTERNET WEBSITES FOR MITIGATION INFORMATION

The majority of the websites listed below were compiled by James Tibensky, Mitigation Specialist of the Federal Defender Program of Chicago, Illinois. Please feel free to recommend additional websites that you have found useful by contacting Lisa Porcari.

 

  ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION
Center for Community Alternatives, Inc. Information on alternative sanctions and research; consultants
  CHILDHOOD HEALTH/VICTIMIZATION
American Academy of Pediatrics Reference resource on childhood health topics,searchable index to abstracts and full text articles
Centers for Disease Control, Nat'l Ctr. for Injury Prevention and Control Information on Traumatic Brain Injury
Merck Manual Information on childhood health and mental health disorders, mental retardation and intellectual disabilities
National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Information on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Mental Retardation and behavioral impairments; access to Journal articles
National Criminal Justice Reference Service Access to studies correlating childhood abuse and violent victimization with violent offending
DOJ Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Information on relationship between victimization and offending, drug and alcohol use, and depression
Surgeon General Information on mental disorders in children and adolescents, risk factors, effect of past trauma and childhood sexual abuse, ADHD, treatment strategies
  DRUG AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION/TREATMENT
Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Health: Current Evidence Latest clinically relevant research on alcohol, illicit drugs, and health
Alcohol Screening.Org Alcohol abuse self-assessment tool
American Academy of Pediatrics Searchable database for topics such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders,access to abstracts and some full text articles
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Substance abuse treatment facility locator
Join Together.Org Alcohol and drug treatment information, treatment medications, treatment vs. incarceration resources
National Institute on Drug Abuse Information and research on drugs of abuse, the science of addiction, research reports, and treatment approaches
National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Information on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome with links
Office of National Drug Control Policy Identifies federal sources of drug data, drug facts, & effective treatment and strategies
Substance Abuse & Mental Health Srvs. Admin.
U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services
Locate alcohol and drug treatment facilities
Treatment Advocacy Center Treatment advocacy with information on consequences of non-treatment on severe psychiatric illness
University of Washington School of Medicine Provides information on treatment of fetal alcohol syndrome and secondary disabilities, alcoholism; links to articles and publications
  DRUGS AND MEDICATIONS
Health Square
Health Central Network
Health information website; detailed info on prescription drugs, interactions; diagnosis and treatment of major health conditions
MedlinePlus Search engine for prescription drug information
Medscape Free access to drug reference resource
  IMPACT OF INCARCERATION
Commission on Safety and Abuse in
America's Prisons
Information identifying and connecting problems and abuses inside jails and prisons to health and safety of community; access to Confronting Confinement report to Congress (2006)
Office of Justice Programs
DOJ Bureau of Justice Statistics
DOJ report, Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates (2006), found that 45% of federal prisoners had mental health problem, low percentage had received treatment in the year before arrest, 1 in 4 received treatment since admission, past physical/sexual abuse, substance abuse, and low rates of employment were more prevalent, use of weapon was unrelated to mental health status
  MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS/COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS
American Psychological Association Searchable database for publications, journals, psychology topics, treatment facilities
American Psychological Association
Local Association Directory
List and links to state and provincial psychological associations
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers Information on sexual offending, evaluation, treatment strategies for reducing re-offense risk; position papers critical of SORNA guidelines, civil commitment; index of journal articles and research
Behave.net Complete numerical listing and diagnostic criterion of DSM-IV-TR mental health disorders
The Centers for Disease Control, Nat'l Ctr. for Injury
Prevention and Control
Information on Traumatic Brain Injury
Mental Health America Mental health information categorized by race, gender, disorders and treatment; locate treatment providers, organizations, national resources
Merck Manual Information on mental health disorders and intellectual disabilities
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Starting Point for PTSD research
National Institute of Mental Health Information on mental illness and behavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and adults; statistics, research publications, available treatment facilities; link to online medical library
National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Information on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, related behavioral impairments, and access to journal articles
Office of Justice Programs
DOJ Bureau of Justice Statistics
DOJ report, Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates (2006), found that 45% of federal prisoners had mental health problem, low percentage had received treatment in the year before arrest, 1 in 4 received treatment since admission, past physical/sexual abuse, substance abuse, and low rates of employment were more prevalent, use of weapon was unrelated to mental health status
Surgeon General
U.S. Public Health Service
Overview of mental illness, anxiety and mood disorders, schizophrenia, depression; assessment, barriers to diagnosis and treatment, risk factors, biological influences, past trauma, types of therapy; identifies racial, cultural, age, and gender disparities in access to services
Pendulum.Org Information and resources on bi-polar disorder, a/k/a manic depression, medications and side effects, treatment, and research studies
The Arc Useful Organization when working with the mentally disabled
Treatment Advocacy Center Briefing papers, legal & medical resources on treatment of mental illness
  MEDICAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Aetna Intelihealth, Inc. Free search engine for general health information, diseases and conditions, medical dictionary, & medication information/lookup
BBC News On-line medical library
The Cancer Web Project
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
On-line medical dictionary
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Searchable index for health topics, diseases, & conditions
MediLexicon Medical abbreviations and medical dictionary, free database for resources on medical, health, and pharmaceutical information
MedlinePlus
Nat'l Library of Medicine
Database for locating information on health topics, drugs, supplements,directories of hospitals, facilities, and services
Medscape Free access to full text medical journal articles, Emedicine ( general info on medical topics), drug reference resource
The Merck Manual Medical information, diagnosis and therapies for diseases, index of drugs, encyclopedia
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services
Medical and health information A-Z; links to online health journals and medical sites
  RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITY
The Sentencing Project Searchable database for statistics and information on incarceration rates by race
U.S. Sentencing Commission
Report to Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing
Policy (May 2007);

Fifteen Years of Guidelines Sentencing (Nov. 2004)
Reports identifying racialdisparity in federal sentencing guidelines' treatment of crack cocaine offenses, the inclusion of non-moving traffic violations in criminal history rules may adversely affect minorities, and Career Offender provision has disproportionate impact on African-Americans
  RECIDIVISM
Office of Justice Programs Research showing sex offenders had lower overall re-arrest rate than non-sex offenders and lack of association between recidivism rate and length of imprisonment for sex offenders
U.S. Sentencing Commission
Recidivism and the First Offender (May 2004);
Measuring Recidivism: The Criminal History
Computation of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines(May 2004)
Studies reflect lack of empirical evidence for Guidelines criminal history rules, its exclusion of factors that predict lower risk of recidivism and likelihood of rehabilitation yet inclusion of factors that overstate risk of recidivism; Recidivism declines: as age and education increases, stable employment and abstinence from drug use in year before offense, for those married or divorced, women and non-violent offenders least likely to recidivate
  RECORDS
National Center for Health Statistics
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
Data on hospital records
Vital Check Birth, Death, MarriageRecords
  SEX OFFENDERS
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers Information on sexual offending, evaluation, treatment strategies for reducing re-offense risk; position papers critical of SORNA guidelines, civil commitment; index of journal articles and research
Office of Justice Programs
U.S. Dept. Of Justice
Research showing sex offenders had lower overall re-arrest rate than non-sex offenders and lack of association between recidivism rate and length of imprisonment for sex offenders
Office of Justice Programs
U.S. Dept. Of Justice
Center for Sex Offender Management
Identifies myths and facts about sex offenders/information on effective management of sex offenders
  STATISTICS ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE ISSUES
Bureau of Justice Statistics
U.S. Dept. Of Justice
Data and studies on crime, recidivism, offenders, prosecutions
The Urban Institute Federal data on law enforcement, arrests, prosecutions, crimes, type of sentence, incarceration data on offenders entering and leaving federal prison; special research reports and publications
U.S. Sentencing Commission Federal sentencing data by state, district, and circuit, Annual Reports and Statistical Sourcebooks
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics Information on crimes, victims, arrests, seizures,courts, prosecution, sentencing, recidivism rates, parole, jails, prisons
  VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION
National Criminal Justice Reference Service Information and studies on violent victimization as risk factor
U.S. Public Health Service Surgeon general report identifying youth violence risk factors
The Prevention Institute Information on risk factors/vulnerability to being affected by, or involved in, violence
  GENERAL MITIGATION RESOURCES
National Alliance of Sentencing Advocates Clearinghouse for mitigation and Mitigation Specialists information
Office of Justice Programs
DOJ Bureau of Justice Statistics
DOJ data and studies on crime, recidivism, offenders, and mental health of prisoners
The Sentencing Project Statistics and information on incarceration rates by race; policy reports, briefing sheets, and educational materials on a wide range of criminal justice issues
U.S. Sentencing Commission Click on Publications tab for access to sentencing data, annual reports, reports to Congress, research reports on topics such as recidivism, substantial assistance, 15-year study on effectiveness of Sentencing Guidelines in meeting statutory goals